Namibia’s first president, Sam Nujoma, passed away on Saturday at the age of 95, following three weeks of hospitalization in the country’s capital Windhoek. Nujoma, who was formally recognized as the ‘Founding Father of the Nation’ by a 2005 parliamentary decree, played a defining role in the country’s struggle for independence. As one of the founding members of the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO) in the 1960s, he led the resistance against South African rule, eventually securing Namibia’s independence in 1990.



His passing was announced by Namibian President Nangolo Mbumba, who acknowledged the profound impact of Nujoma’s leadership. &#8220;Our founding father lived a long and consequential life during which he exceptionally served the people of his beloved country… The foundations of the Republic of Namibia have been shaken,&#8221; said Mbumba.



Nujoma led the country for three terms, from 1990 to 2005, and was widely credited with stabilizing Namibia post-independence. His policy of national reconciliation encouraged white citizens to remain and contribute to the economy, particularly in agriculture. His administration also championed women’s and children’s rights, introducing policies such as mandatory child maintenance payments.



However, his leadership was not without controversy. While he was revered for his role in liberation and state-building, his tenure also drew criticism for its political rigidity and intolerance of opposition.



International tributes have poured in following his passing. King Charles III described his contribution to democracy as &#8220;immense”, while South African President Cyril Ramaphosa hailed him as an &#8220;extraordinary freedom fighter”. African Union Commission Chair Moussa Faki Mahamat called him the &#8220;epitome of courage”, and Kenya’s President William Ruto lauded him as a &#8220;visionary leader.&#8221;



As Namibia reflects on Nujoma’s passing, his legacy remains deeply embedded in the nation’s history.



From spearheading the fight for independence to guiding the country through its formative years, his leadership shaped modern Namibia. His influence extended far beyond Namibia’s borders, earning both admiration and scrutiny. As the country prepares to lay its founding father to rest, his impact on Namibia’s trajectory — both its triumphs and its challenges — will continue to be debated for generations to come.

Dr. Sam Nujoma addresses the United Nations

Namibia’s First And Founding President Sam Nujoma Passes Away At 95

President Cyril Ramaphosa delivered his 2025 State of the Nation Address (SONA) against the backdrop of South Africa’s evolving political and economic realities. Addressing Parliament in Cape Town City Hall today, he outlined an ambitious framework for national renewal, emphasizing economic revitalization, infrastructure investment, and the country’s place in the shifting global order.



The address came at a critical moment: the first full year of South Africa’s Government of National Unity (GNU), rising geopolitical tensions, and an economy striving to recover from years of stagnation. While Ramaphosa painted a picture of resilience and reform, the challenges of implementation remain a formidable test.



Economic Recovery And Infrastructure



Ramaphosa placed economic growth and job creation at the heart of his administration’s priorities. “Our most urgent task is to grow our economy so we can create jobs, reduce poverty, and improve the lives of all South Africans,” he stated, setting a 3% GDP growth target as a crucial milestone. However, this target may be difficult to achieve given existing economic constraints.



South African economist Dawie Roodt offers a measured perspective. “If we get kicked off AGOA, it’s not the end of the world, but everything adds up. We could see economic growth well below 1.5%, and that will have serious consequences,” he tells FORBES AFRICA. While the government’s infrastructure plans are extensive, structural challenges may pose obstacles to reaching this ambitious growth rate.



With GDP growth struggling to surpass 1.5% in recent years, achieving the government’s 3% target will be a significant challenge. While infrastructure spending is a key strategy, Roodt cautioned that it alone may not be enough to drive the necessary economic expansion.



To stimulate growth, his government has committed to a R940 billion ($51 billion) infrastructure investment over three years, including R375 billion ($20.3 billion) in spending by state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Projects range from modernizing ports and railways to the completion of the Polihali Dam in the Lesotho Highlands, ensuring water security for key industrial hubs.



Infrastructure reform extends to energy, where South Africa’s ongoing transition away from Eskom’s monopoly is set to redefine the electricity sector. “We must put the risk of loadshedding behind us once and for all,” Ramaphosa affirmed, touting the Electricity Regulation Amendment Act, which enables private investment in generation and transmission networks. The government also aims to mobilize over $13 billion in international climate funding to support the Just Energy Transition (JET).



State Capacity And Governance Reform



Ramaphosa acknowledged the systemic failures in public service delivery, from failing municipalities to persistent corruption in state institutions. Acknowledging the urgent need for reform, he announced a new model for public service recruitment, strengthening the Public Service Commission’s role in appointing directors-general and SOE executives.



Municipal service failures remain a pressing concern, with unmaintained roads, disrupted electricity, and inadequate water provision plaguing local governance. In response, the government will establish ring-fenced utilities for water and electricity in struggling municipalities to ensure revenue is reinvested into infrastructure.



South Africa–U.S. Relations And Foreign Policy



The speech took on a notable diplomatic tone, reflecting South Africa’s role in an increasingly fragmented global order. Ramaphosa reaffirmed South Africa’s commitment to multilateralism, highlighting its G20 presidency as an opportunity to champion Africa’s economic interests on the global stage.



However, relations with the U.S. remain complex. The Biden administration’s recent decision to suspend some HIV and TB program funding for Africa — which accounts for 17% of South Africa’s HIV spending — was met with concern. “We are looking at various interventions to address the immediate needs and ensure the continuity of essential services,” Ramaphosa stated, underscoring the country’s reliance on international partnerships.



South Africa’s stance on Palestine and its International Court of Justice (ICJ) case against Israel has also drawn U.S. scrutiny. While South Africa upholds its position on human rights and territorial sovereignty, Washington’s view on the country’s geopolitical alignment remains cautious, particularly given its engagement with BRICS and growing economic ties with China and Russia.



Jobs, Trade, And Business Confidence



Addressing unemployment, particularly among youth, Ramaphosa reaffirmed the expansion of the Presidential Employment Stimulus, which has created 2.2 million work opportunities. However, he emphasized that private-sector growth is crucial to sustainable employment, urging businesses to engage with the SAYouth.mobi platform and expand workplace experience programs.



On trade, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) remains a pillar of South Africa’s economic strategy. With the country positioning itself as a regional hub for green manufacturing, electric vehicles, and digital services, Ramaphosa reiterated South Africa’s ambition to lead Africa’s industrialisation wave.



Economist Roodt further emphasizes the risks beyond trade: “If the U.S. stops buying our government bonds, that’s when we’ll be in real trouble. The rand will tank, inflation will spike, and the entire financial system could come under strain.”



The mining sector, a historical backbone of the economy, is also poised for reform. A modernized mining rights system, expected this year, aims to unlock investment in exploration and critical minerals, strengthening South Africa’s position in the global commodities market.



Challenges Ahead



Despite the optimistic tone, economic realities pose significant risks. With GDP growth struggling to surpass 1.5% in recent years, achieving the 3% target will require more than infrastructure spending. Structural challenges — from inefficiencies in SOEs to regulatory red tape — continue to hamper investor confidence.



Furthermore, political stability within the GNU remains untested. With ideological differences between the ANC, DA, IFP, and other coalition partners, policy coherence will be a major determinant of success.



Ramaphosa’s message was clear: South Africa has the potential to emerge stronger, but execution will determine its trajectory. Whether the government’s ambitious reforms translate into real economic growth and global competitiveness will be the ultimate test.

South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa’s State-of-the-Nation Address

South Africa’s 2025 State of the Nation Address: Economic Vision, Global Relations, and National Challenges

The 2025 Mining Indaba has reached its midway point in Cape Town, South Africa, with the conference taking the theme of Future-Proofing African Mining, Today! However, future-proofing is not proving simple, with the conference abuzz given the recent conflict in the mineral-rich Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), political and economic uncertainty between South Africa and the United States, BRICS developments, and the acceleration of technological development globally.



Panels, discussions, and themes — by design and coincidence — reflect the backdrop against which Mining Indaba 2025 occurs; the localization and maximization of the capture of mineral wealth by African nations, the balancing act between global partnerships, and the integration of sustainable practices.



Mining amidst Geopolitical Tensions This year’s Indaba was marked by unexpected diplomatic drama when President Cyril Ramaphosa missed his keynote address. An official statement cited a scheduling conflict, though widespread speculation links his absence to urgent efforts to mend South Africa’s strained ties with the United States. In his place, Minister Gwede Mantashe took the stage, serving as both the conference’s anchor and a stabilizing force amid escalating tensions between the two nations former President Donald Trump posted on Truth Social on Sunday: “I will be cutting off all future funding to South Africa until a full investigation of this situation has been completed!”, referring to the country’s recent implementation of the Expropriation Bill, aimed at allowing the government to turn idle or speculative land appropriate for use by the state. Later, Trump added in a press briefing: “South Africa&#8217;s leadership is doing some terrible things, horrible things. So that&#8217;s under investigation right now. We&#8217;ll make a determination, and until such time as we find out what South Africa is doing — they&#8217;re taking away land and confiscating land, and actually they&#8217;re doing things that are perhaps far worse than that.” While the presidency maintains that Ramaphosa’s absence was due solely to scheduling, these developments hint at deeper diplomatic challenges affecting Africa’s mining strategy.



Bringing Local Value to Local Production A central theme of the Indaba is transforming Africa’s role from raw commodity exporter to industrial powerhouse. Minister Mantashe stressed during his keynote: “We cannot continue to debate these minerals based on the dictates of some developed nations as if we have no aspirations to accelerate Africa’s industrialization and close the development deficit. Africa must determine its own destiny—harnessing its vast resources not just to export raw commodities, but to build comprehensive, value-added industries.” By championing local value addition, the conference aims to spur investments in processing facilities and downstream industries, creating jobs and reducing vulnerability to global market volatility.



Technological Innovations on Display The Tech &amp; Innovation Hub has emerged as one of the event’s highlights. Live ‘Tech in Action’ demos have showcased disruptive technologies — from robotics in ore extraction to real‑time data analytics optimizing operations. Panels and workshops have also addressed the challenge of integrating artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) into formal frameworks.



Trade and Investment Dynamics Negotiations between the DRC and Zambia over direct copper trading deals reflect a broader shift in global supply chain control. These moves signal an assertive effort by African nations to bypass traditional intermediaries and capture a larger share of resource value — an essential step toward achieving economic sovereignty in an era of technological disruption and realigned geopolitical alliances.



Commitment to Sustainability and ESG Sustainability remains paramount at the Indaba. Sessions have demonstrated how artificial intelligence and data standardization can boost operational efficiency while enhancing environmental stewardship. Panel discussions on tailings safety and zero-harm goals have reinforced the commitment to practices that protect communities and ecosystems. “



Formalizing Artisanal Mining: A Pressing Need A recent standoff at the Stilfontein mine in South Africa — where clashes between artisanal miners and police escalated into violence after a several week-long standoff — has intensified calls for formalizing artisanal mining. Advocates argue that integrating informal miners into the formal economy is crucial not only for improving safety and environmental outcomes but also for recognizing their significant economic contributions.



David Sturmes-Verbreek of global sustainability organization The Impact Facility explained during a panel at the annual event: “It’s about moving from crime to investing in a legitimate sector.”



Call for Collective Action As the 2025 Mining Indaba continues, its converging themes — local value addition, technological innovation, geopolitical recalibration, and sustainability — outline the future of African mining. The conference underscores that progress hinges on collaborative efforts to translate discussions into concrete policies and investments. With continuous dialogue via platforms like Mining Indaba TV, the coming months will be crucial in determining whether Africa can harness its vast mineral wealth for a prosperous, sustainable future.

Investing in African Mining Indaba in Cape Town

African Mining Indaba: New Course Amidst Tumultuous Waters

Cryptocurrency is undergoing a transformation—from speculative asset to financial structure. With the Trump presidency seemingly amplifying its global relevance, Africa’s crypto pioneers, including Yellow Card, are seizing the moment to redefine financial inclusion on the continent.



The World Economic Forum in Davos is typically where global leaders acknowledge significant shifts and transformation. This year, the conversation turned decisively toward cryptocurrency—not as a speculative gamble, but as a financial force governments and institutions can no longer ignore.



U.S. President Donald Trump’s declaration that America will become “the world capital of artificial intelligence and crypto” seemed to be a signal. However, some financial analysts, including former Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen, have cautioned against the potential risks of regulatory gaps in the sector, emphasizing the need for clear oversight to prevent financial instability.



Having said this, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are no longer just a tool for traders – they are now an accepted institutional asset. In some cases, stablecoins have emerged as alternatives to legacy payment systems. And in places like Africa, where inflation, currency instability, and financial exclusion persist, crypto’s true potential is being realized.



From speculative to sought-after



Bitcoin’s origins are rooted in defiance—a response to the 2008 financial crisis that revealed the fragility of traditional banking. And in its early years, crypto was dismissed as little more than digital gambling, often prone to price swings and regulatory scrutiny.



The skepticism wasn’t unfounded. From the ICO (Initial Coin Offering) in 2017 to meme coin mania, crypto often played into the speculative narrative. However, the shift is evident.



An African crypto pioneer



Founded in 2016 and launched across Africa in 2019, Yellow Cardhas been at the forefront of this shift. What started as a vision to simplify cryptocurrency access in underserved markets has evolved into one of the continent’s most impactful fintech platforms.



Chris Maurice, CEO of Yellow Card, recalls the early days of the company and the skepticism they faced.



“When we moved to the continent in 2018, a lot of people thought crypto was a scam,” he said in an interview with FORBES AFRICA. “The traditional financial system wasn’t built for everyone, and crypto presented an alternative. The challenge was making it accessible.”



That challenge is quickly being overcome. Yellow Card has since expanded to multiple African nations, offering users a seamless way to buy, sell, and store digital assets. The company is also capitalizing on the rapid adoption of stablecoins, which are increasingly being used for remittances, cross-border payments, and business transactions.



“Africa is leading the way in real-world crypto use cases,” Maurice explains.



“People are not trading crypto to get rich overnight; they are using it to protect their wealth, make payments, and access financial services they’ve never had before.”



A catalyst for global adoption



Maurice believes the Trump presidency is magnifying crypto’s importance on a global scale.



Banks, once dismissive, are now rolling out Bitcoin investment products. Central banks are reassessing their digital currency strategies and even some African regulators, long wary of crypto’s decentralized nature, are moving toward legal frameworks that embrace innovation.



“In the last five months alone, we’ve seen governments across Africa becoming more receptive,” Maurice notes.



“Kenya is pushing forward with comprehensive legislation, Nigeria is issuing licenses, and Rwanda is setting up a regulatory regime. These are major developments that wouldn’t have happened so quickly without global pressure.”



What’s next for Africa’s crypto future?



The speculative phase of crypto is fading, replaced by an era of utility, where digital assets function as critical components of modern financial systems.



Maurice is optimistic but pragmatic. “The market is maturing, but we still have work to do,” he said. “The goal is not just adoption — it’s creating infrastructure that works for everyday people. We want crypto to be as simple as mobile money, and we’re getting there.”



For years, Africa has been a proving ground for financial innovation. Mobile banking, fintech solutions, and now cryptocurrency have all found fertile ground on the continent. As the world’s financial elite finally recognize crypto’s potential, African entrepreneurs and consumers are already steps ahead, shaping the next chapter of the digital economy.

Crypto in Tbilisi as Devotees Begin to Contemplate a Market Bottom

Is Africa Poised For A Digital Currency Boom

As South Africa navigates its first full year under a Government of National Unity, cautious optimism about economic reforms has been tempered by systemic challenges. Can this political arrangement deliver the stability and policy coherence necessary for meaningful growth?



South Africa–the continent’s largest economy–enters 2025 at a crossroads, with the country’s economic outlook striking a balance between cautious optimism and systemic challenges.



The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projects GDP growth at 1.5%, a slight improvement over the 0.8% growth of 2024.



However, some economists remain skeptical about the ability of the newly formed Government of National Unity (GNU) to deliver on the promise of stability and reform, even though initial assessments are somewhat positive.



“The GNU has been well-received by financial markets,” Dawie Roodt, Chief Economist at the Efficient Group tells FORBES AFRICA. “The multiplicity of political parties in governance provides checks and balances on one another.”



Political Realities and Challenges in Governance



Roodt’s guarded optimism is tempered by political realities. While the GNU’s formation has signaled a break from a purely ANC-driven government, ideological divides persist.



Daniel Silke, political economist and director at Political Futures Consultancy, underscores the challenges to FORBES AFRICA.



“There’s still significant political confusion within the ANC as to what policy ideology should dominate. This uncertainty hampers the implementation of any meaningful structural reforms,” he says.



Roodt, however, disagrees: “There’s no policy uncertainty,” he argues. “The ANC’s ideological framework is crystal clear—it’s socialist, developmental, and fundamentally incompatible with modern economic principles.”



Political infighting, largely driven by the ANC’s factions and ideological clashes, threatens the coalition’s effectiveness.



“The battle for leadership within the ANC is already underway ahead of the 2027 elective conference,” Silke says. “This creates an environment where long-term policy coherence is sacrificed for short-term political positioning.”



Roodt echoes these concerns, noting that while financial markets have welcomed the GNU, its stability is far from guaranteed.



“The 2026 local elections could destabilize the coalition,” he warns. “Without a unified policy approach, investor confidence could waver.”



It is not only the ANC under scrutiny. The opposition Democratic Alliance (DA), while often praised for governance in regions like the Western Cape, has also faced challenges, particularly at the metropolitan level.



Infrastructure – The Core to Success or Failure



South Africa’s economic vulnerabilities remain significant. Infrastructure issues—from inefficient ports to aging water systems—continue to stifle growth. While the energy crisis has eased following reforms in 2024, systemic inefficiencies remain.



In 1994, only 76.4% of households reportedly had access to piped water. According to StatsSA, from 2002 to 2023, 87% of households had access to improved water sources, though rural areas still face disparities. Similarly, electricity access rose from 36% in 1994 to almost 9o% in 2023.



Roodt acknowledges its substantial contribution in expanding access to basic services for the vast majority of South Africans.



Youth unemployment remains a pressing issue. With millions of young people excluded from the workforce, South Africa’s demographic dividend risks becoming a liability.



Despite several challenges, sectors like logistics and manufacturing present opportunities.



Silke suggests a two-pronged approach: “In the short term, lower-end manufacturing offers a realistic solution for absorbing unskilled labor. In the long term, comprehensive education reform is essential to build a skilled workforce”.



Roodt concurs but adds a note of caution: “South Africa’s education system is failing to produce graduates equipped for the demands of a modern economy. Without significant improvements, we’ll remain reliant on importing specialist skills, further hampering our ability to compete globally”.



A Nation at a Crossroads



As the nation navigates these challenges, the stakes have never been higher. South Africa stands at a crossroads, its path forward uncertain but crucial to shaping its future.



“The GNU provides an opportunity to reset South Africa’s trajectory,” says Silke. “But this requires a decisive break from outdated ideologies and a commitment to implementing difficult reforms.”



Roodt’s conclusion is more sobering: “Unless we address corruption and inefficiency at all levels of government, our growth will continue to lag behind our potential. South Africa’s future depends on bold, immediate action—and the political will to follow through”.

South African Food Inflation at 14-Year Low

South Africa’s Economy In 2025: Uncertainty In A Pivotal Year

South Africa’s OR Tambo International Airport grapples with a severe jet fuel shortage following a refinery fire, and rushes to prevent February flight disruptions amidst mounting supply chain vulnerabilities.



A reported fire at the National Petroleum Refiners of South Africa (NATREF) refinery on January 4 has ignited a critical jet fuel shortage at OR Tambo International Airport, South Africa’s busiest aviation hub. With current supplies sufficient to last just over seven days, stakeholders are racing against time to prevent flight disruptions in February.



Airports Company South Africa (ACSA) confirmed that OR Tambo currently holds 27.1 million liters of jet fuel. With a daily consumption rate of 3.6 million liters, this reserve will sustain operations only until the week ending February 2. Meeting February’s projected requirement of 97.2 million liters has become a matter of urgency.



&#8220;The airport uses about 3.6 million liters of jet fuel a day, which means there is about 7.6 days of stock on hand until the week ending February 2,&#8221; ACSA stated in a press release last week.



The reopening of the NATREF refinery, which is only scheduled for February 27, leaves a crucial fuel gap in the interim.



In response to the crisis, ACSA has mobilized a collaborative effort with the Fuels Industry Association of South Africa (FIASA), government agencies, and industry stakeholders.



Avhapfani Tshifularo, CEO of FIASA, emphasized in a press release, &#8220;We are facing a challenging situation, but we wish to assure stakeholders that the Fuels Industry Association and its members are committed to maintaining fuel availability and minimizing disruptions.&#8221;



Efforts to mitigate the shortage include prioritizing the movement of imported fuel from Durban to Gauteng via Transnet and increasing rail deliveries from Durban and Matola in Mozambique. Surplus storage capacity at King Shaka International Airport in Durban is being utilized to build reserves. Airlines are implementing measures such as tankering, which involves refueling at alternative airports to conserve OR Tambo’s limited reserves, involving several diversions of flights.



Despite these measures, airlines have raised concerns about restrictions from suppliers, leading to additional fuel stops at alternative airports. Passengers have been advised to prepare for potential delays. &#8220;ACSA recommends allocating extra time for connections, particularly for international flights,&#8221; the operator stated, and that passengers are encouraged to arrive earlier and maintain regular communication with airlines to ensure a seamless travel experience.



February’s fuel security hinges on the success of these contingency plans. FIASA has facilitated the injection of 26,000m³ of jet fuel from Durban, with 9,500m³ scheduled to arrive by January 21. &#8220;Every necessary step is being taken to maintain normal airport operations and ensure the secure and uninterrupted availability of jet fuel at OR Tambo,&#8221; ACSA emphasized.



The coordinated efforts from all parties will determine whether South Africa’s busiest airport is able to avoid disruption, with the coming weeks testing the resilience and adaptability of the aviation sector as it works to keep the skies open.

Airline Passengers As Virus Confirmed In Sub-Saharan Africa

Critical Jet Fuel Shortage In South Africa’s Busiest Airport: A Looming Crisis for February Flights

As FRELIMO’s candidate takes office under tight security and allegations of electoral fraud, opposition boycotts, youth-led protests, and mounting socioeconomic pressures reflect a nation at a crossroads.



Yesterday’s inauguration ceremony in Maputo marked a pivotal moment in Mozambique’s fraught political landscape, as Daniel Chapo assumed the Presidency amid allegations of electoral fraud and heavy security measures.



The Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) faced intense scrutiny following reports of ballot-tampering and intimidation in last year’s election. At least eight people were reportedly killed by security forces during protests surrounding the inauguration, while a local civil society group has said more than 300 people have been killed in clashes with security forces since October.


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<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="1024" src="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/GhameTOWYAIEt7y-1024x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-64363" style="width:659px;height:auto" srcset="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/GhameTOWYAIEt7y-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/GhameTOWYAIEt7y-300x300.jpg 300w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/GhameTOWYAIEt7y-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/GhameTOWYAIEt7y-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/GhameTOWYAIEt7y.jpg 1280w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Daniel Chapo (Image courtesy of X) </figcaption></figure></div>


Chapo’s ascent to power continues despite months of legal challenges and widespread public outrage. According to independent political analyst Marisa Lourenço in an interview with FORBES AFRICA, institutional domination by FRELIMO left opponents little room to maneuver once the official results were certified.



“FRELIMO controls the Electoral Commission and the courts,” she says, adding, “so there aren’t any other legal or formal avenues to continue to challenge the results.”



A Bloody Backdrop to a Presidential Inauguration



 Chapo’s inauguration took place under tight security in Maputo’s Independence Square, following general elections held on October 9, 2024. Observers, both local and international, raised alarms over alleged irregularities in the voting process.



Opposition parties, including the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) and the Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM), boycotted the ceremony, while upstart party, Podemos chose a more qualified acceptance by taking parliamentary seats.



Public sentiment has been notably tense, with many citizens accusing FRELIMO of corruption and authoritarian methods.



Background on the 2024 General Elections



The stakes were high when the country went to the polls, given Mozambique’s economic challenges and FRELIMO’s decades in power. RENAMO brought its own legacy of conflict with FRELIMO, while MDM sought to bolster its influence. Podemos emerged as a fresh alternative for many voters.



Independent candidate Venâncio Mondlane claimed a majority of votes, labeling the official results a “theft of the people’s will”.



Complaints, tampering and intimidation characterized the post-election landscape. The Constitutional Court introduced minor adjustments to Chapo’s vote share and reallocated a few parliamentary seats but did not address deeper systemic grievances.



Opposition Reaction and Legal Recourse



 Mondlane’s insistence that he won—bolstered by viral social media videos—added to the nationwide protests, which escalated after his lawyer was killed under suspicious circumstances. RENAMO and MDM announced boycotts of parliament, citing what they viewed as blatant electoral fraud. However, the promise of parliamentary influence and financial benefits prompted Podemos to accept its seats on January 13.



“They have more money and power to gain in accepting the situation than if they continue to oppose it,” observes Lourenço.



The Constitutional Court’s validation of the results effectively closed any formal channels for renewed litigation.



Efforts to Rebuild Trust



Though Chapo’s final tally was marginally reduced, many citizens saw it as a superficial measure that failed to dispel deep-rooted skepticism.



Furthermore, high unemployment and pervasive corruption has disproportionately affected younger Mozambicans, who have played a visible role in recent protests. Many reject FRELIMO’s liberation-era credentials.



“They also tired very quickly of main opposition RENAMO and were key to the success of Podemos,” says Lourenço, illustrating the generational shift.



Calls for job creation and anti-corruption measures have intensified, and observers have reportedly warned of potential radicalization if grievances remain unanswered.



Government Response and Long-Term Implications



Chapo’s presidency so far suggests FRELIMO will prioritize stability and security control. Human rights advocates have also condemned the use of live ammunition on protesters.



“FRELIMO under former president Filipe Nyusi has become much more draconian, and so is likely to continue to clamp down on dissent,” Lourenço states.



Rising inflation, frequent public-sector strikes, and a potential exodus of skilled workers loom large. FRELIMO’s closer ties to authoritarian governments could further strain relations with democratic neighbors and investors.



“This election has been a turning point,” Lourenço comments. “It has shown just how far FRELIMO will go to protect itself.”



Civic organizations also continue to demand electoral reforms, media freedoms, and more decisive anti-corruption measures.



“Mozambique’s political future looks fraught with clashes between a rigid ruling party and a largely disillusioned population,” says Lourenço.



“While immediate post-inauguration tensions might recede, the deeper issues—corruption, inequality, youth disenfranchisement—will keep re-emerging until they’re adequately addressed.”

After the elections in Mozambique

Mozambique’s Contested Presidency: Daniel Chapo Sworn In Amid Tension And Public Outcry

January 3, 2024, marked 16 years since the first Bitcoin block was mined by its pseudonymous creator, Satoshi Nakamoto. What began in 2009 as an experimental peer-to-peer digital currency has since grown into a financial powerhouse, boasting a market capitalization of over $2 trillion at its peak.



Bitcoin’s disruptive journey is defined by key moments, from its early association with online marketplaces like Silk Road to its 2024 high of $108,135, driven by the first-ever approval of spot Bitcoin ETFs in the United States. These ETFs, which attracted $21 billion in net flows in less than a year, solidified Bitcoin’s position as a mainstream asset.



The Rise of Digital Gold



Bitcoin’s evolution into “digital gold” has been a defining narrative, particularly in the aftermath of the 2020 pandemic. As central banks flooded markets with liquidity to counter economic fallout, Bitcoin emerged as a hedge against inflation, attracting retail and institutional investors alike.



Major corporations such as MicroStrategy and Tesla have since embraced Bitcoin, with the former amassing over 446,000 coins as of December 2024. These endorsements have underscored Bitcoin’s appeal not just as a speculative asset, but as a strategic reserve for companies seeking alternatives to fiat currencies.



Challenges Along the Way



Bitcoin’s meteoric rise has not been without its challenges. The “crypto winter” of 2022, triggered by the collapse of Terra-LUNA and the FTX exchange, saw Bitcoin’s price plummet below $20,000, shaking investor confidence. Scalability issues and high transaction fees during periods of peak demand remain key hurdles.



Moreover, the regulatory landscape continues to evolve. While some nations like El Salvador have embraced Bitcoin as legal tender, others remain skeptical, imposing restrictions or bans. The lack of clear global regulatory standards has created uncertainty for both investors and businesses operating in the cryptocurrency space.



Landmark Achievements in 2024



This past year was pivotal for Bitcoin. Apart from crossing the $100,000 mark for the first time, its inclusion in 401(k) retirement plans in the U.S. marked another milestone in mainstream adoption. Financial institutions like BlackRock and Fidelity have also entered the crypto market, signaling growing confidence in blockchain’s potential to revolutionize finance.



As Bitcoin enters its 17th year, its future appears as promising as it’s uncertain. The inauguration of crypto-friendly U.S. President Donald Trump in 2025 is expected to bolster market optimism, while advancements like the Lightning Network aim to address Bitcoin’s scalability issues.



What remains clear is Bitcoin’s enduring influence on global finance. From its fixed supply of 21 million coins to its decentralized nature, Bitcoin continues to challenge the traditional banking system and offer new possibilities for financial freedom.



As the world’s first cryptocurrency celebrates its 16th anniversary, its legacy is far from written. Bitcoin has not only weathered the storms of volatility but has also redefined how we perceive value and money in the digital age.

Ripple And Other Crypto Photo Illustrations

Bitcoin At 16: A Milestone For The World’s Most Disruptive Digital Asset

South Africa’s ongoing battle with gender-based violence (GBV) has received a boost with the release of the first national study on the subject. Conducted by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), the report goes beyond statistics to expose the structural and behavioral factors fueling this epidemic. At its core, the study reveals the interconnectedness of mental health crises, entrenched societal norms, and systemic inequalities. The report, first commissioned in 2022, was released during a press conference earlier this week.



Women Most at Risk



The study estimates that more than 7.8 million South African women have experienced lifetime physical and/or sexual violence, said Dr Nompumelelo Zungu, Deputy Executive Director at the HSRC, announcing the report in Pretoria.



While all women are vulnerable, those with disabilities face heightened risks. Women living with disabilities are twice as likely to experience sexual violence compared to those without. “For a lifetime, this report shows that all forms of abuse are very high for women living with disabilities,” Zungu explained. These women face unique challenges that demand urgent, tailored interventions, including their reliance on others for daily needs, which leaves them more exposed to abuse.



Black African women also bear the brunt of physical violence. “Lifetime physical violence was significantly higher among Black African women with 35.5%, compared to women of other race groups,” said Zungu.



A Broader Crisis in Masculinity



The study highlights the mental health struggles faced by men, particularly those who perpetrate violence. Early childhood trauma, substance abuse, and socioeconomic pressures emerge as recurring themes among perpetrators. These issues underscore the need for targeted mental health services and programs aimed at dismantling harmful gender norms.



The findings show how deep-rooted societal norms perpetuate violence. Patriarchal beliefs, such as those normalizing men’s control over women, remain prevalent, contributing to a toxic environment. According to the study, nearly a quarter of men believe women cannot refuse sex with their husbands, and 8% believe there are times when women deserve to be beaten.



The Covid-19 pandemic amplified these vulnerabilities, with intimate partner violence (IPV) surging during lockdowns. Economic strain and isolation left many women trapped with their abusers, further underscoring the link between systemic inequalities and GBV.



The HSRC study presents a range of recommendations to tackle GBV, including community interventions to challenge harmful norms, enhanced support systems for survivors, and economic empowerment initiatives.

South Africa : Illustration

Study Reiterates Hidden Drivers Of South Africa’s GBV Crisis

South African literary giant and anti-apartheid activist Breyten Breytenbach died peacefully in Paris on Sunday at the age of 85, with his wife Yolande by his side. Known for his fearless criticism of apartheid and innovative contributions to literature and the arts, Breytenbach&#8217;s work resonated deeply both locally and internationally.



A Voice Against Injustice



Born on September 16, 1939, in Bonnievale, Western Cape, Breytenbach emerged as a formidable poet, novelist, painter, and activist. Fellow poet Antjie Krog remarked: &#8220;He was a phenomenon within Afrikaans literature. Breyten&#8217;s writing was radical, but he was the first poet, I almost want to say writer, who also lived radically. Breyten confronted us with that thing of, &#8216;Okay, you&#8217;re against apartheid, but how are you living against apartheid?'&#8221;



His 1962 marriage to Yolande Ngo Thi Hoang Lien from Vietnam defied apartheid laws prohibiting interracial unions, marking the beginning of his lifelong resistance against oppression.



Exile and Imprisonment



Breytenbach&#8217;s outspoken opposition to apartheid led him to join Okhela, a separate ideological wing of the African National Congress in exile. In 1975, during a clandestine return to South Africa, he was arrested and charged with treason under the Terrorism Act. Sentenced to nine years in prison, he continued to write prolifically while incarcerated, producing works that would cement his status as a leading literary figure.



&#8220;Our sadness affords us another opportunity to pay tribute to Breyten Breytenbach for the bravery and perseverance with which he stood up to his persecution and prosecution by the apartheid state,&#8221; stated President Cyril Ramaphosa. &#8220;Fearful of his influence on the minority electorate in South Africa and on world opinion, the apartheid regime imprisoned him for opposing the system and channelling through his diverse art forms and political and fraternal affiliations the militancy, tragedy and resilience of our liberation struggle.&#8221;



A Legacy of Literary Excellence



After his release in 1982, Breytenbach returned to France, where he continued his activism and writing. His notable works include The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist, an account of his imprisonment, and A Season in Paradise. His writings explored themes of exile, identity, and justice, influencing a generation of writers and activists.



&#8220;I don&#8217;t have the words. I don&#8217;t yet have the words to say everything he was. He leaves a huge void. He was the most exceptional being I have ever known. I am immensely proud to call him my father,&#8221; said his daughter, Daphnée Breytenbach, a journalist based in France. She shared cherished family moments, highlighting his role as a father and grandfather.



Global Tributes



The French presidency under Emmanuel Macron honored Breytenbach as a &#8220;ferryman of freedom,&#8221; acknowledging his deep connection to France and his role in awakening global consciences. &#8220;The President of the Republic salutes the figure of a great craftsman of human rights and freedom, who will always be a link between France and South Africa,&#8221; the statement read.



Author Justin Fox also remembered him fondly: &#8220;Breytie was witty, gentle, entertaining and a formidable intellect. He has been a part of my life since childhood. I&#8217;ve always looked up to Breyten as a kind of honorary uncle, an anchor in my life. So long, dearest Breytie; thank you for your generosity, kindness &#8230; and your brilliance.&#8221;



A Life That Inspired



Despite spending much of his life abroad, Breytenbach remained deeply connected to his South African roots. South African writer Antjie Krog emphasized his profound influence: &#8220;Breyten confronted us with that thing of, &#8216;Okay, you&#8217;re against apartheid, but how are you living against apartheid?'&#8221;



Breytenbach is survived by his wife Yolande, daughter Daphnée, and two grandsons. His passing marks the end of an era, but his legacy endures through his profound contributions to literature and human rights.

Authors by Ulf Andersen – Breyten Breytenbach

Remembering Breyten Breytenbach: The South African Poet Who Challenged Apartheid

The 29th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP29) in Baku, Azerbaijan, is a pivotal moment for African nations advocating for significant climate finance to address the dire consequences of climate change on the continent. The re-election of U.S. President Donald Trump, a known climate change skeptic, casts a shadow over negotiations, raising questions about future global commitments.



A Continent at a Crossroads



&#8220;Africa contributes the least to global greenhouse gas emissions yet suffers the most from climate change impacts,&#8221; says Dr Christopher Trisos, Senior Research Officer at the African Climate and Development Initiative (ACDI) at the University of Cape Town. In an interview with FORBES AFRICA,Trisos emphasizes the urgency: &#8220;The 2020s must be a decade of accelerated climate action if we are to limit the worst impacts of climate change. Delays now mean increased warming and more severe consequences for the continent.&#8221;



African nations face intensified droughts, floods, and extreme weather, threatening livelihoods and economies. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns Africa is among the most vulnerable continents due to high exposure and low adaptive capacity.



The Impact of Trump&#8217;s Re-election



Trump&#8217;s return introduces significant uncertainties into negotiations. &#8220;The re-election of Trump puts the U.S. delegation in a difficult position,&#8221; Trisos notes. &#8220;Having an outspoken climate change denier back in the White House is a setback for enhancing action within the United States and globally.&#8221;



Previously, Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Paris Agreement, undermining international efforts. His stance raises fears of diminished support for crucial climate initiatives. &#8220;It complicates the picture because with his isolationist and anti-climate action policies, the U.S. will be seen as a much less trusted partner,&#8221; Trisos adds.



South Africa&#8217;s Leadership and Challenges



As Africa&#8217;s most industrialized nation and largest emitter, South Africa plays a critical role, balancing economic development with the imperative to reduce emissions.



South Africa&#8217;s Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), announced at COP26, involves $8.5 billion in funding to support the shift from coal to renewables. However, implementation faces hurdles requiring a balance to increase renewables without constraining economic development.



The Quest for Equitable Climate Finance



At COP29&#8217;s heart is establishing a New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance. Despite a decade-old pledge by developed nations to mobilize $100 billion annually by 2020, this target hasn&#8217;t been fully met. &#8220;It&#8217;s widely acknowledged they missed that target,&#8221; says Trisos. &#8220;Developed countries often do the accounting themselves without independent audits, leading to disputes over actual amounts delivered.&#8221;



According to a report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), developing countries require around $1.1 trillion annually from 2025, rising to $1.8 trillion by 2030. The NCQG aims to reflect these needs based on scientific assessments.



&#8220;Getting the climate finance right is essential,&#8221; Trisos asserts. &#8220;It&#8217;s not just about numbers; it&#8217;s about equitable distribution and ensuring that finance doesn&#8217;t increase debt burdens on developing nations.&#8221;



Voices from the Continent



At COP29, Ambassador Seyni Nafo, Coordinator of the Africa Adaptation Initiative, emphasized the need for increased climate finance. He stated, &#8220;The new collective quantified goal on climate finance must reflect the real needs of developing countries, particularly in Africa, to build resilience against climate impacts.&#8221;



Youth activists are making their voices heard. Ayakha Melithafa, a South African climate activist and member of the Presidential Climate Commission, stressed the importance of immediate action: &#8220;We are the generation that will face the consequences of inaction. Our leaders must commit to real change now.&#8221;



Challenges in Carbon Markets and Offsets



Carbon offsets and trading mechanisms are contentious at COP29. While they offer potential pathways for climate finance, concerns about effectiveness persist. &#8220;There have been recent scandals in voluntary carbon markets where the amount of carbon offset was inflated,&#8221; Trisos points out. &#8220;This undermines trust and can result in a worse situation if emissions are not genuinely reduced.&#8221;



Lack of robust regulations raises greenwashing risks. &#8220;The rules adopted are not clear enough on what happens if, for instance, a forest planted as a carbon offset burns down due to climate change,&#8221; he explains. &#8220;We need stringent standards to ensure environmental integrity.&#8221;



Navigating Global Conflicts and Military Emissions



Global conflicts and military activities add complexity. &#8220;The world&#8217;s militaries are massive emissions operations,&#8221; says Trisos. &#8220;For example, the U.S. military, if it were a country, would rank high globally in emissions.&#8221;



He cautions against militarizing climate solutions: &#8220;Viewing climate change as a security threat to be solved by militaries reduces the opportunity for creating a more just future through collaboration and equitable finance.&#8221;



Financing Africa’s Climate Future



Despite challenges, pathways to a sustainable future are emerging, and redirecting global finance toward climate action is essential. &#8220;There is more than sufficient global finance to address the climate crisis,&#8221; notes Trisos. &#8220;What&#8217;s missing is the regulation and political will to allocate that finance towards climate action rather than fossil fuels.&#8221;



Innovative financing mechanisms, like a global frequent flyers tax, could generate funds without burdening developing nations. African nations are prioritizing regional collaborations and renewable energy projects.



As COP29 progresses, urgency for concrete action intensifies. While Trump’s re-election raises uncertainties, African nations remain resolute. &#8220;Climate finance is not charity; it&#8217;s a matter of justice,&#8221; asserts Trisos. &#8220;Those who have contributed most to the climate crisis must support those who are bearing the brunt.&#8221;



Ultimately, COP29&#8217;s success hinges on nations’ ability to rise above political challenges and uphold commitments. &#8220;African countries are at a crossroads,&#8221; Trisos concludes. &#8220;The decisions made today will determine whether we can build a more sustainable and equitable future.&#8221;

COP29 UNFCCC Climate Conference In Baku

Africa’s Climate Finance Demands At COP29: Navigating Global Challenges Amid Trump’s Return

Prince William is in Cape Town on a four-day climate-focused tour, meeting with President Cyril Ramaphosa, engaging with young environmental leaders, and supporting wildlife conservation initiatives. His visit culminates with the presentation of the Earthshot Prize tonight, emphasizing his commitment to environmental conservation, youth empowerment, and strengthening ties between the United Kingdom and South Africa.



Meeting with President Ramaphosa



Prince William met President Cyril Ramaphosa to discuss mutual interests in sustainability, wildlife conservation, and climate change. The meeting reinforced the importance of international collaboration and strengthened the partnership between the two nations in pursuing sustainable development goals.


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="721" src="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2182365016.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-63587" srcset="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2182365016.jpg 1024w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2182365016-300x211.jpg 300w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2182365016-768x541.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"> Prince William, Prince of Wales meets the President of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, at his Official Residence on November 5, 2024 in Cape Town. (Photo by Victoria Jones &#8211; Pool/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure></div>


United for Wildlife Initiative



At the United for Wildlife Global Summit in Cape Town, Prince William announced a new support package for rangers across Africa. The five-year plan aims to provide 10,000 rangers with access to affordable insurance, medical evacuation services, and leadership development opportunities.



&#8220;Rangers are fundamental if we are to meet our global conservation targets for 2030,&#8221; Prince William stated in a press release. Developed in partnership with Tusk Trust and the Game Rangers Association of Africa, the initiative seeks to enhance the welfare and professional development of those on the front lines of conservation.



Engaging with Youth Leaders



Prince William joined young environmentalists for the inaugural Earthshot Prize Climate Leaders Youth Programme. The initiative empowers young leaders through workshops on leadership, storytelling, and advocacy. Participants shared innovative solutions to climate challenges in their communities, fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange.



The Earthshot Prize in Africa



Hosting the Earthshot Prize in Cape Town marks its first time on African soil. Founded by Prince William in 2020, the prize recognizes groundbreaking environmental solutions, highlighting Africa&#8217;s growing role in global environmental innovation.



The ceremony near Cape Town Stadium will feature performances by international and African artists such as Davido, Diamond Platnumz and DJ Uncle Waffles, and will be broadcast globally. Five recipients will each receive £1 million to advance their projects in areas such as air quality improvement, ocean health, and climate resilience.



The Prince&#8217;s visit underscores the importance of international cooperation in environmental conservation. By engaging with government leaders, conservation professionals, and young activists, the tour highlights efforts to promote sustainability, protect wildlife, and empower future generations.

The Prince Of Wales Visits South Africa For The Earthshot Prize Awards – Day One

Prince William’s Visit to South Africa Highlights Conservation Efforts and Youth Empowerment

Post-election unrest in Mozambique intensifies with at least 11 dead and dozens injured amid nationwide protests and allegations of fraud in the recent general elections. Experts weigh in on the continued tension.



The aftermath of Mozambique&#8217;s 2024 general elections, held on October 9, has plunged the nation into public protests with a strong response from the government, potentially leading to further turmoil if the contested results are ratified by the judiciary on November 7. The ruling Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), in power since the southern African country’s independence from Portugal nearly half a century ago, is facing scrutiny following allegations of electoral fraud and irregularities from both independent observers and opposition parties.



A Nation on the Brink



&#8220;Mozambique is like a ticking time bomb in many respects, including high levels of repression and the rapidly rising cost of living,&#8221; says independent political analyst Marisa Lourenço in an interview with FORBES AFRICA.



The scale of the unrest reportedly marks the largest revolt in the country&#8217;s modern history. Protests have erupted nationwide, with significant incidents in Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, and Inhambane.



Contributing factors noted by Lourenço include deteriorating living standards and the increased cost of living, with civic demonstrations having been on the rise even before the election. &#8220;This isn’t sustainable, and popular frustration was bound to result in sustained levels of protest at some point,&#8221; she observes.



The protests intensified after independent presidential candidate Venâncio Mondlane contested the official election results, which declared FRELIMO&#8217;s Daniel Chapo the winner. Mondlane, who claims to have secured over 50% of the vote, has called for nationwide demonstrations and a general strike, urging citizens to protest against what he describes as a fraudulent electoral process. International observers have echoed these concerns. The European Union Election Observation Missions (EU EOM) noted &#8220;unjustified alteration&#8221; of election results at polling stations and district levels, urging Mozambican authorities to conduct the counting of ballots &#8220;in a transparent and credible manner&#8221;.



Youth at the Forefront



&#8220;We are certainly seeing a trend on the continent where young people are fed up with a government that does not produce results for them or essential services,&#8221; says Allan Ngari, Africa Advocacy Director at Human Rights Watch (HRW), to FORBES AFRICA. &#8220;And I think Mozambique is no exception.&#8221;



The significant role of young Mozambicans in the protests cannot be overstated. Lourenço adds: &#8220;It shows that youth are under huge pressure from the lack of economic opportunities for them, something that has been an issue for years and does not seem to be getting any better.&#8221;



Many of these young protesters did not experience Mozambique&#8217;s fight for independence and are seemingly disillusioned with the state of affairs, says Lourenço. &#8220;Young Mozambicans want change. They have lost faith in FRELIMO&#8217;s ability to bring that change… They have also lost faith in what was until this election, the main opposition, RENAMO. The only alternative that young people see is in a figure like Mondlane.&#8221;



Escalation of Violence



The situation escalated dramatically with the reported killing of Mondlane&#8217;s lawyer, Elvino Dias, and Podemos party member Paulo Guambe. Dias was preparing to submit a case contesting the early election results to Mozambique’s Constitutional Court before he was killed, allegedly by security forces, according to eyewitnesses interviewed by HRW.



Given the judiciary&#8217;s perceived lack of independence, many doubt that a timely or impartial investigation will occur, further eroding public trust.



HRW has condemned the crackdown. Ngari states, &#8220;The Mozambique security forces’ violent crackdown on protesters has severely increased political tensions following the country’s elections.&#8221;



HRW reports that security forces have killed at least 11 people and injured over 50 others using live bullets and tear gas…



“But it&#8217;s much more than that. That was our reporting as of last week, so the number has increased,&#8221; says Ngari.



Government and International Response



Mozambique&#8217;s government has doubled down, shifting responsibility for the violence onto the opposition. Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Verónica Macamo accused Mondlane of incitement. &#8220;The speeches of candidate Mondlane and his supporters created the favorable environment for the transformation of demonstrations — a constitutional right — into acts of vandalism, theft, and violence,&#8221; she said.



In an apparent attempt to stifle communication among protesters, access to the internet and social media platforms has been restricted several times over the last week, with residents in major metros reporting limited or no access, as confirmed by local journalists, who reported the outages as an effort to stifle the protests and organization.



Meanwhile, in addition to the EU EOM, Portugal, Mozambique’s former colonial ruler, as well as the African Union (AU) and the United States have also condemned the violence.



The Road Ahead 



Looking forward, the prospects for significant political change remain uncertain. As Mozambique grapples with this crisis, the demands for democratic reforms and accountability grow louder.



The government&#8217;s response to these protests will significantly influence the nation&#8217;s path forward. &#8220;FRELIMO took it a step too far by rigging the elections too blatantly, and undermining opposition candidate Venâncio Mondlane to a significant, obvious degree,&#8221; Lourenço concludes.



The hope for a peaceful resolution hinges on the government&#8217;s willingness to engage with the disillusioned youth and address the systemic issues fueling the unrest, and the final impact on the country itself remains to be seen. &#8220;Significant political change is unlikely, in my opinion, but protests are likely to continue sporadically over the coming weeks,&#8221; says Lourenço. &#8220;Eventually, FRELIMO will have to listen to the youth, in some form, to appease them.&#8221; <a id="_msocom_1"></a>

Voting begins in Mozambique to elect new president, parliament

Mozambique’s Election Crisis Deepens with Youth-Led Protests and Deaths

The 16th BRICS Summit commenced today in Kazan, Russia, uniting the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, alongside new member states such as Iran and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The summit’s agenda focuses on bolstering multilateralism and expanding the use of local currencies in intra-group trade, addressing some of the most pressing economic and geopolitical challenges facing the bloc today.



Held under the theme Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security, the summit, on until October 24, signals BRICS’ intention to reconfigure global governance structures in a more equitable and representative manner. The symbolic weight of holding this summit in Russia, amidst ongoing geopolitical tensions — particularly the war in Ukraine and escalating conflicts in Palestine and Lebanon — underscores BRICS’ ambition to position itself as a counterbalance to Western dominance, both economically and, potentially, politically.



Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was notably absent due to a health-related issue, but he commented on the proceedings remotely. Meanwhile, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, upon arriving in Kazan, met with Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss mutual interests.



Highlighting BRICS&#8217; strategic importance, Ramaphosa emphasized in a statement, &#8220;BRICS plays an important role in a multipolar world, championing multilateralism, mutually beneficial cooperation, and sustainable development.&#8221;



As Gustavo de Carvalho, a Senior Researcher at the South African Institute of International Affairs, explains to FORBES AFRICA: “For most BRICS members, it&#8217;s not about replacing the U.S. dollar but about creating systems that give members options to trade, particularly using local currencies within the group.” He stresses that the BRICS agenda, while ambitious, aims to build economic resilience without severing ties to the broader global financial system.



Several key issues dominate discussions, including the integration of new members and the push for local currencies in trade. Yet, questions remain about the bloc&#8217;s ability to fully implement its vision amidst internal tensions and external geopolitical conflicts.



Local Currencies in Intra-BRICS Trade: A Practical Shift?



At the core of the summit’s economic agenda is the push for greater use of local currencies in trade between BRICS members — a move aimed at reducing reliance on the U.S. dollar. While this initiative is often misinterpreted as de-dollarization, BRICS members clarify that it is not about replacing the dollar but rather providing greater flexibility in cross-border transactions.



“It’s not about replacing the U.S. dollar outright, but creating systems that provide BRICS members the option to trade in their local currencies,” explains Carvalho. This approach aims to mitigate the risks of exchange rate volatility and external sanctions while allowing BRICS members to strengthen financial independence.



However, the path to local currency adoption is fraught with challenges. For example, Russia&#8217;s surplus of Indian rupees has already raised concerns about how currency imbalances might complicate these efforts. &#8220;There are practical limitations, especially when one country ends up with a surplus of another&#8217;s currency,&#8221; Carvalho adds, highlighting that balancing trade flows will be critical to making local currency trade viable.



In response, BRICS Finance Ministers have been tasked with preparing reports on how to advance the use of local currencies and payment platforms, following a request made at the Johannesburg Summit in 2023. President Ramaphosa reinforced the strategic importance of these initiatives, noting, &#8220;BRICS now covers 43% of the world&#8217;s population&#8230; providing opportunities to develop mutually beneficial cooperation that contributes to sustainable growth.&#8221;



Despite the long-term potential, the shift toward local currencies is expected to be gradual. The focus at this summit is on laying the groundwork for more substantive changes in the years ahead.



Iran’s Inclusion in BRICS: Geopolitical Implications



The inclusion of Iran, especially in the context of ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, adds another layer of complexity to the BRICS dynamic. Iran’s membership brings significant geopolitical weight at a time when the country remains isolated by Western powers, particularly as tensions in Palestine and Lebanon intensify.



BRICS, while not a formal political or military alliance, presents a platform for countries like Iran to engage with global powers outside Western influence. Yet, this inclusion is not without its challenges. &#8220;Geopolitical issues within BRICS tend to be divisive, making coordinated positions on specific disputes challenging,&#8221; Carvalho notes, reflecting the potential for discord over how BRICS members approach contentious global issues.



The geopolitical dimensions of Iran’s membership also raise questions about BRICS’ ability to serve as a counterbalance to Western dominance. While the bloc seeks to promote multilateralism, its capacity to form a unified stance on complex geopolitical matters — especially those involving longstanding regional disputes — remains uncertain. President Ramaphosa, however, remains optimistic, stating, &#8220;A founding value of BRICS is the shared vision of the urgent need to restructure global governance to be more fair, just, and representative.&#8221;



 Expanding BRICS



While the inclusion of new members like Iran and the UAE has been a focal point at the summit, further expansion is unlikely in the near future. Instead, BRICS is prioritizing its outreach program. The BRICS+ format, first introduced at the 2017 Shanghai Summit, allows non-member states to engage in development finance, trade, and infrastructure initiatives without full membership commitments.



Reports from BRICS Foreign Ministers on the development of the Partner Country model will be pivotal in shaping this program’s future. &#8220;While the possibility of expansion exists, it seems unlikely at this stage,&#8221; Carvalho notes, emphasizing that BRICS is more focused on refining its existing framework than rushing toward further enlargement.



The outreach program aims to foster partnerships across Africa, Asia, and Latin America, while maintaining BRICS&#8217; internal cohesion. By clarifying the roles of partner countries, the bloc seeks to expand its global influence without compromising its core mission of promoting economic cooperation among its members.



As the 2024 BRICS Summit progresses, the decisions made in Kazan will set the stage for the bloc’s future, particularly as Brazil prepares to take over the presidency in 2025.

Russian President Vladimir Putin meets with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa in Kazan

Ramaphosa Meets With Putin At BRICS 2024 In Russia: Pushing For Global Governance Reform Amid Shifting Geopolitical Tides

The 2024 general elections in Mozambique seems to have highlighted tensions between the ruling party’s revolutionary past and present-day challenges as allegations of irregularities cast a shadow over the vote.



The 2024 general elections in Mozambique marks a pivotal moment in the nation’s political landscape.



Despite the backdrop of insurgency in the north and concerns raised by some observers, the long-dominant ruling party, the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), is expected to secure a decisive victory, with preliminary reports indicating a lead in all 11 provinces, including the capital city of Maputo.



However, FRELIMO, which has governed the country since its independence from Portugal, almost half a century ago, reportedly faces growing scrutiny over alleged election irregularities. As the party seeks to retain control, it may contend with accusations of increasingly authoritarian rule and manipulation.



“This is a structural problem of election rigging,” says Borges Nhamirre, a political analyst at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) to FORBES AFRICA, indicating that such issues are not new, adding, “the results from the polls are not the ones published by the electoral bodies”.



A Contested Field



The presidential race featured several parties, including the ruling FRELIMO, the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), and the Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM). Daniel Chapo, FRELIMO’s candidate, is set to succeed current President Filipe Nyusi, should the party obtain victory.



RENAMO, historically the primary opposition, appears to be losing some of its influence as indicated by preliminary vote reports. Meanwhile, MDM’s Lutero Simango and independent candidate Venâncio Mondlane have sought to challenge FRELIMO’s dominance, with Mondlane standing as a notable contender.



Access and Oversight



According to a preliminary report from the European Union Election Observation Mission (EU EOM), “There was a notable lack of confidence in the reliability of the electoral register and on the independence of the electoral bodies”.



In a press release issued recently, Laura Ballarín, Chief Observer of the EU EOM, noted that FRELIMO benefited from “the misuse of state resources”, creating an uneven platform for other parties. She added that their “observers reported a slow counting process which suffered from disorganization and lack of clarity”.



Despite these concerns, the voting process was described as orderly. The EU EOM deployed 179 observers across Mozambique, though Ballarín acknowledged the lack of confidence in “the reliability of the electoral register and the independence of the electoral bodies”.



The Southern African Development Community (SADC) also had a significant presence, deploying 53 observers from 10 member states.



Dr Amani Abeid Karume, Head of the SADC Electoral Observation Mission, emphasized that the elections would be evaluated against SADC’s Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections.



While both SADC and EU observers noted peaceful conduct on election day, access to polling stations was not without its challenges. Some observers were reportedly denied access – a trend Borges criticized. “Observers only covered 1% of polling stations, mostly in city centers, and didn’t witness the broader issues,” he suggests.



Irregularities and Allegations of Fraud



Reports of inconsistencies have raised questions about FRELIMO’s anticipated victory. Borges pointed to areas with more registered voters than the eligible voting-age population, describing it as a “manipulation” tactic. He also alleged non-citizen voting, saying it’s “not uncommon for Zimbabweans to vote”, reflecting long-standing concerns over Mozambique’s electoral integrity.



These irregularities were noted by both local observers and international missions.



A Country on Edge



The credibility of Mozambique’s election process remains under scrutiny, with frustrations reportedly growing among citizens.



The EU EOM plans to release a final report with recommendations in the coming weeks, which they hope will prompt electoral reforms. Meanwhile, SADC’s Karume has called on Mozambique’s political stakeholders to respect divergent political views and exercise responsibility, stressing the importance of stability.



As Mozambique navigates these challenges, the elections serve as a litmus test for the resilience of its democratic institutions and the extent to which the public will tolerate any perceived injustices.

Yeshiel Panchia

FORBES AFRICA SOCIAL MEDIA